Exosomes might also contribute to chronic liver dysfunction after sepsis, as exosomal miR-103-3p from LPS-activated macrophages targeted Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) to increase α-SMA, TGF-β, and Col1a1 of hepatic stellate cells, which can contribute to liver fibrosis (72). Here, KLF4 is linked to Sepsis.