Similarly, poly(dA:dT) transfection of cancer cells followed by spheroid formation and microfluidic 3-D culture revealed that LKB1-reconstituted 3-D spheroids uniquely responded to transfection of cytoplasmic DNA, significantly upregulating multiple immune cell chemoattractants including CCL5, CCL2, and CXCL10, after 7 days (Figures 1D,E and Supplementary Figure S1B). This evidence concerns the gene STK11 and cancer.