PPARG and endothelial dysfunction: Extensive studies have been performed to identify factors that are associated with endothelial dysfunction in DR, such as advanced glycosylation end products (AGEs) and receptors (RAGE), disruption of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), chronic inflammation, leukotasis (7–10), oxidative stress, and dysregulated growth factors, cytokines, and microRNA (miRNA) networks (10–13).