NPPB and cardiac hypertrophy: Cardiac hypertrophy is considered to be a compensatory adaptation in response to intrinsic and extrinsic stimuli and is characterized by the reactivation of fetal genes such as β-myosin heavy chain (β-MHC) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), enhanced protein synthesis, increased sarcomere organization, and an increase in heart mass with the enlargement of cardiomyocytes (Tan et al., 2011; Pillai et al., 2015; Martens et al., 2020).