TNF and schizophrenia: Similarly, Goldsmith et al. (2016) found in a meta-analysis study that levels of IL-6, TNF-α, sIL-2R, and IL-1RA were significantly increased in acutely ill patients with schizophrenia, Boerrigter et al. (2017) found that the anti-inflammatory IL-2 mRNA was decreased and pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, TNF-α were increased in the peripheral blood of people with schizophrenia.