The phosphorylated forms of Hspb1 and Hspb5 associate with filamentous structures in both axons and dendrites, and mutations of Hspb1 have been found to cause cytoskeletal abnormalities, both in vitro and in vivo in mouse neurons (Schmidt et al., 2012; Lee et al., 2015; Sarparanta et al., 2020), though traditionally Hspb1 is associated with the axonal abnormalities underlying Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (Miller and Fort, 2018; Muranova et al., 2019). Here, HSPB1 is linked to Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.