SOD1 and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Activation of p38 in ALS models is associated with activated upstream kinase ASK1 and markers of apoptosis at an early stage (Wengenack et al., 2004) and mammalian sterile-20-like kinase 1 was shown to activate p38 in a SOD1 mouse model (Lee et al., 2013) (Figure 5C).