LEP and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Our findings also agree with results from studies which demonstrate that non-human primates exposed to a maternal or post-weaning HF diet exhibit a persistent increase in anxiety and cortisol levels (Thompson et al., 2017); and that maternal hyperleptinemia and leptin resistance resulting from diet-induced obesity during pregnancy have been linked to anxiety-like behaviors in non-human primate offspring (Sullivan et al., 2010) and mice (Peleg-Raibstein et al., 2012).