TNF and ischemic stroke: Our data showed that basal plasma exosome administration effectively reduced the ischemia-induced inflammatory cytokine levels, including IL-1β, IL-18, IL-6, TNF-α, and HMGB1, and increased the anti-inflammatory cytokines TGF-β and IL-10 secretion, indicating its anti-inflammatory role in ischemic stroke (Figures 6A–G).