Phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/AKT, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/SMAD, and mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) are well-established oncogenic pathways in several cancers, including BC2. This evidence concerns the gene MAPK3 and cancer.