In BC, TGF-β induces phosphorylation and activation of the PI3K-dependent AKT serine–threonine kinase activity14–17, resulting in the induction of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), migration, and invasion of cancer cells, all of which are hallmarks of cancer progression and metastasis18,19. Here, TGFB1 is linked to cancer.