Interestingly, the antiviral effect of 4-OI did not extend to infection with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) (Supplementary Fig. 4); this result further provided indirect evidence that the antiviral program induced by 4-OI was distinct from the classical IFN-dependent antiviral response, since VSV, and especially VSVd51M used in this study, is highly sensitive to the effects of IFNs. Here, IFNA1 is linked to infection.