For virally driven tumours such as HNSCC, a recent study demonstrated that HPV-positivity correlated with increased immune cytolytic activity and a T-cell-inflamed gene expression profile, suggesting that HPV status can be used to predict the effectiveness of PD-1 inhibitors in HNSCC, independently of PD-L1 expression and TMB, and probably results from an inflamed TME induced by HPV infection and anti-tumour activity of HPV antigen-specific T cells [54]. The gene discussed is CD274; the disease is head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.