SIRT3 and Insulin resistance: Although these have not been studied in PWH, we find in our study that PWH had abnormalities in at least five out of nine hallmarks of aging (mitochondrial dysfunction, genomic instability, dysregulated nutrient sensing (depicted as insulin resistance and abnormal SIRT3 expression), altered intercellular communication (depicted as inflammation), and loss of proteostasis (abnormal autophagy and mitophagy), and these defects recover with GlyNAC supplementation for 12 weeks.