TNF and brain injury: Depending on the nature of the injury and the micro-environment at the injured site, together with the timing and the distance to the injured site [337], reactive astroglial cells can produce molecules, either with a neuroprotective role, such as IGF1 and the early induction of TNFα [338,339] or harmful molecules, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS-2), a powerful enzyme related to post-ischemic brain injury that generates excessive amounts of nitric oxide (NO) and the longer-term expression of TNFα [338,340].