TLR4 and Crohn ileitis: In the acute enterocolitis model applied here, C. jejuni-induced disease has been shown to be mainly due to TLR-4 dependent signaling of bacterial LOS [28], which is also the case in subacute and even acute T. gondii-induced ileitis, where the inflammatory conditions are initiated and accelerated by TLR-4 ligands derived from the commensal gut microbiota overgrowing the inflamed intestinal tract, which results in dysbiosis [13,56,57,58].