CKB and liver cancer: This is likely because reverse causality disproportionally affects liver cancer and cirrhosis (accounting for 65% of the total chronic liver disease population in CKB) and these subtypes have latency periods of more than 10 years.24,25 When restricting the analysis to individuals who were never regular smokers or when excluding the first 5 years of follow-up, the inverse associations of BMI with risk of cirrhosis and liver cancer in the BMI range 15 to 24 were not significant and there were positive associations in the BMI range 24 to 50 (eFigure 6 in the Supplement).