CASP1 and injury: Based on the previous research, M1 macrophages polarization is commonly accompanied by inflammasome activation, for instance, HMGB1 was reported to participate in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury by inducing M1 macrophages polarization and activating AIM2 inflammasome.42 IFN-γ treatment, leading to M1 phenotype of macrophages, could subsequently induce mRNA expression and active protein formation of caspase-1, a critical inflammasome component.43 In addition, NLRP3 inflammasome activation has been suggested to be initiated by Toll-like receptors (TLRs).