PDCD1 and neoplasm: Much attention has been paid to develop anti-tumor immune therapies for lung cancers recently, and major advances have been made, especially for immune checkpoint blockade, such as anti-PD1 antibodies Nivolumab and Pembrolizumab (Tanaka et al., 2014; Sul et al., 2016), and anti-PD-L1 Atezolizumab (No Authors Listed, 2016).