TNF and malaria: Thirteen overlapping pathways between the two modules included the TNF signaling pathway, rheumatoid arthritis, the NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, the prolactin signaling pathway, Salmonella infection, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, the MAPK signaling pathway, HTLV-I infection, malaria, herpes simplex infection, osteoclast differentiation, legionellosis, and the FoxO signaling pathway (Figure 4 and Supplementary Table S1D).