Beyond the anti-apoptotic signals, which are important not only in the liver but also in the colon for maintaining homeostasis10, the loss or reduced expression of negative regulators of NFκB such as the deubiquitinating protein CYLD in has been found in HCC, and genetic ablation of CYLD increases hepatocarcinogenesis11,12. This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and hepatocellular carcinoma.