Besides, SFN-Cys decreased α-tubulin and stathmin-1 by promoting ERK1/2 phosphorylation causing microtubule destruction, the downregulation of mitophagy receptor Bnip3-Nix pathway and the reduction of lysosomal hydrolytic capacity, contributing to the inhibition of mitochondria clearance as well as migration and invasion in GBM cells (Fig. 6g). This evidence concerns the gene MAPK3 and glioblastoma.