The performance of each DNN model worsened when the models were configured without either the imaging-based tumor burden (maximum tumor diameter, tumor number, and portal vein invasion) or biomaterial number (AFP and PIVKA-II) (the models without maximum tumor diameter and tumor number: c-index = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.51–0.72, sensitivity = 0.63, specificity = 0.62; the models without AFP and PIVKA-II: c-index =0.63, 95% CI = 0.53–0.72, sensitivity = 0.68, specificity = 0.59). Here, AFP is linked to neoplasm.