CISH and epilepsy: Song et al52 discovered that Toll‐like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4 were significantly up‐regulated in a pentylenetetrazole‐induced rat model of epilepsy, which inhibited the expression of SOCS1 and SOCS3 and this, in turn, up‐regulated the expression of STAT3. SOCS proteins negatively regulate TLR‐mediated immune responses and can inhibit type I interferon (IFN) signalling.53