Serum levels of inflammatory biomarkers associated with morbidity and mortality in HIV infection, including sCD14, sCD163, and TNFR2 [10, 11], directly correlated with unique MDM DGE signatures, including MMP expression, inflammatory signaling, oxidative stress pathways, and coagulation activation (Fig 3A–3C, S4A–S4C Fig). Here, TNFRSF1B is linked to HIV infectious disease.