Furthermore, Dulaney and colleagues [27] reported that tumours with a PI-RADS score of 5 had significantly more deregulation of pathways involved in apoptosis and cell cycle (in particular, TGFβ, STAT, and RAS pathways) compared with mpMRI-invisible tumours; however, this was unadjusted for multiple testing and this study scored relatively low using the modified Newcastle-Ottawa scale (3/8), indicating a potential a risk of bias. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is neoplasm.