All these biological processes were found enriched in the selection signals (Fig. 3B), and we validated the role of the PIK3-mTOR-HIF-1α pathway for cytokine production capacity induced by pathogens known to have contributed to selective pressures in populations in Europe: Yersinia pestis antigua (the agent of plague), influenza virus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), and Candida albicans as the most common human fungal pathogen18,47. This evidence concerns the gene PIK3CG and plague.