TNF and septic shock: After LPS stimulation, the median [IQR] concentration of TNFα was significantly lower in septic shock patients (701 [320–1260] pg/mL) than in HV (5214 [4202–5709] pg/mL, p < 0.0001; supplementary Figure S2A), as was TNFA gene induction (fold change 1.4 [0.9–2.0] septic shock patients vs. 6.9 [4.9–7.8] HV, p < 0.0001; supplementary Figure S2B); these values were significantly correlated (Spearman rho = 0.75, p < 0.001, supplementary Figure S2C).