Since there is bronchial hyperactivity during COPD, IL-1RA is increased in patients, most likely with the aim of reducing the effect of high concentrations of IL-1α and IL-1β [16, 17] at the origin of this hyperactivity, hence the high concentrations in COPD patients who previously had TB and in tobacco related COPD. The gene discussed is IL1A; the disease is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.