CCL4 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: The comparison of COPD patients with the history of tuberculosis with the control group showed that the concentrations of six cytokines, IL-1RA, IL-1β, IL-1α, IL-17, GRO and sCD40L were higher in patients with the history of tuberculosis with p-values of 0.014; 0.048; 0.029; 0.045; 0.028 and 0.0013, respectively (Fig. 1), without statistically significant difference in the levels of the other cytokines, such as G-CSF, GM-CSF, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, MCP-1, IL-6, TNF-α, IP-10, IL-8, and VEGF between the control group and COPD with anterior TB (Fig. 1).