GNAL and cancer: This pathway contained the top strongest genes based on permutation importance in both TPOT modalities, namely PTAFR, GNAL, CAMK2G, and PRKCG. The remaining runs, in both modalities, identified three other pathways whose association with schizophrenia is supported in the literature: ‘neuroactive ligand–receptor interaction’ [24, 27, 29], ‘MAPK signaling’ [30–32], and ‘pathways in cancer’ [32].