TNF and chronic kidney disease: However, similar to IS, the concentration of PCS in serum of CKD patients has been reported to be associated with CVD complication in CKD [24] and a few studies have reported that PCS regulates the expression of TNF-α, MCP-1, and adhesion molecules, as well as ROS production in endothelial cells and macrophages, resulting in CVD in mice [13,35].