This dissociation activates ATF6, PERK and IRE-1 and its related downstream signaling, which regulates the release of ER-stress associated transcription factors from the nucleus such as C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) and X-box binding protein 1 (XBP-1), leading to the development of colitis [30,31,32,33,34]. The gene discussed is XBP1; the disease is colitis.