TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: Current treatments for IBD are 5-amino-salicylic acid derivatives such as sulfasalazine and mesalazine that have anti-inflammatory effects, corticosteroids, immunomodulatory drugs including azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine and methotrexate, and antitumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) such as infliximab and adalimumab (Burger and Travis, 2011 ▶; Mcquaid et al., 2018 ▶).