TP53 and infection: In alveolar macrophages, which were isolated as described in the legend of Fig. 8B, the levels of miR-103/107, p53 mRNA, as well as miR-222 were slightly increased, compared to those in blood monocytes, in HIV-1-negative participants (n = 2 donors) (Fig. 8C) but were highly upregulated in aviremic HIV-infected individuals (n = 5 donors) (Fig. 8C), suggesting that in the latter context, local environmental inflammatory signals may drive ALVMs to an antiviral state that likely limits HIV-1 entry and infection via the upregulation of microRNAs, including miR-103/107 and miR-221/222.