On average, the white racial group and those participants with late CKD stage (IV-V) had a higher log GDF-15 as compared to the black racial group (β = 0.343, P-value = 0.018) and early CKD stage (I-III) (β = 0.476, P-value < 0.001); Table 2. This evidence concerns the gene GDF15 and chronic kidney disease.