HMOX1 and viral infectious disease: Interestingly, decreased HO-1 activity has been directly related to the susceptibility to many viral infections, including Zika virus (El Kalamouni et al. 2019), influenza virus (Cummins et al. 2012), Dengue (Tseng et al. 2016), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (Gill et al. 2018), and hepatitis B (Protzer et al. 2007).