This suggestion is supported by studies showing that GMP is able to inhibit signaling pathways involved in TNF-α and IL-1β gene expression, such as NF-κB and MAPK pathways, in the intestinal mucosa of mice with ulcerative colitis [83], as well as in cell lines of goblet cells [81], mature enterocytes [84], and macrophages [85]. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is ulcerative colitis.