PIK3CD and neoplasm: In addition, it should be taken into consideration that pre-clinical data revealed pharmacological inhibition of Ras pathways and MAPK signaling results in compensatory activation of PI3K/Akt signaling and vice versa, both of them necessary for PDAC progression [51,52] and that independent of Ras pathways, PI3K/Akt is often elevated in PDAC and correlated to tumor cell survival [53,54].