IL1B and infection: Time-course analyses revealed that upon treatment with acetate, propionate, or butyrate, but not lactate, the bacterial cell number inside BMDMs significantly decreased from 8 hours after infection and the production of IL-1β was also significantly increased compared with nontreated BMDMs, suggesting that enhanced inflammasome activation by SCFAs promote the elimination of S. Typhimurium in BMDMs (S3A and S3B Fig).