VWF and Alzheimer disease: Although it remains unclear how the dysregulation of endothelial cells leads to blood–brain barrier abnormalities in AD, our findings show that in AD, endothelial cells adopt an angiogenic state characterized by increased expression of angiogenic factors and receptors including ERG, FLT1, and VWF. Notably, increased expression of angiogenic genes in endothelial cells is associated with the blood vessel abnormalities observed in mouse models of neurodegeneration (40).