TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: By analyzing 54 putative anti-IBD targets of HQ and BS, we found that the targets were mainly from the following two anti-IBD target classes: (1) apoptosis-related targets (such as heat shock proteins, apoptosis regulators, and caspases) and (2) 13 inflammation-related targets (such as prostaglandin, nitric oxide synthase, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor) [32].