A recent preclinical study using pulmonary hypertension/inflammation model rats demonstrated that carbenoxolone ameliorated various abnormalities of both pulmonary hypertension and inflammation, including right ventricular hypertrophy, pulmonary arteriolar remodelling, lung fibrosis, inflammatory cell infiltration, pulmonary arterial wall thickening, collagen deposition, pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and CD3+ and CD4+ T-lymphocytes accumulation in lung tissues via the inhibition of Cx43 upregulation in CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes in lung tissues [169]. This evidence concerns the gene CD4 and pulmonary fibrosis.