CSF2 and fragile X syndrome: In contrast to full-mutation FXS, women carriers with the FXS premutation have an increased comorbidity of immune-mediated disorders and decreased cytokine production of GM-CSF and IL-12 (p40) compared to controls (Winarni et al., 2012; Careaga et al., 2014b; Jalnapurkar et al., 2015).