CCL2 and malignant colon neoplasm: MCP-1 induces recruitment of macrophages to the tumor microenvironment, RANTES, involved in colon cancer progression (38, 39), plasma levels of TIMP-1 found to be markers of primary CC (40), IL-6 regulates chronic inflammation and promotes tumor cell proliferation and survival (41), and IL-17 induces PD-L1 protein expression in human colon cancer cells (42).