TNF and COVID-19: Most patients with severe COVID-19 show significantly elevated serum levels of inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6 and IL-1, as well as IL-2, IL-17, G-GSF, GM-GSF, IP-10, MCP1, MIP-1a (also known as CCL3), and TNF, known as a cytokine storm (5, 17–19).