TGFB1 and cancer: On the one hand, TEVs activate epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in neoplastic, mesothelial, and vascular endothelial cells through various signaling pathways (such as TGF-β, Wnt5b, or caveolin-1 signaling pathways), thereby enhancing the migration ability of cancer cells and increasing the permeability of blood vessels in the peritumoral matrix (65–69).