TNF and neoplasm: In comparison, another study analyzing 23 neuroblastoma tumor samples found that stage IV neuroblastoma tumors had higher expression of M1 macrophage markers, IL1-β and TNF-α, while stage I tumors had higher expression of M2 macrophage associated markers IL4, IL10, and TGF-β with IL1-β and TNF-α expression being associated with poor outcomes (115).