Vaccination of 17 CAPS patients with polysaccharide or conjugate pneumococcal vaccines, led to disease flares in 12 patients, who all received polysaccharide vaccines (64) and a retrospective survey in 17 patients (5 CAPS, 4 MKD, 1 FMF, 7 sJIA) on IL-1 or IL-6 blockade who received live vaccines (varicella, MMR, oral polio, and yellow fever), recorded disease flares when IL-1 blocking treatment was held for vaccination and possible vaccine-induced infections (one of 5 developed varicella zoster, one of 8 post-MMR pneumonia and 1 of 1 diarrhea post-oral polio vaccination) (65). This evidence concerns the gene IL1B and viral infectious disease.