Under this condition, tubular injury is associated with crystals and/or Tamm–Horsfall protein (THP) complexes, apoptotic and inflammatory responses consistent with acute kidney injury (AKI), in addition to the risk for recurrence and/or chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression (Lorenz et al., 2014; Pfau and Knauf, 2016; Fox et al., 2018; Mulay et al., 2018; Efe et al., 2019). This evidence concerns the gene UMOD and acute kidney injury.