Interestingly, according to a model of overexpression of p14ARF in glioblastoma and astrocytoma cells, p14ARF controls neovascularization, through upregulation of metalloproteinase-3 inhibitor (TIMP3) in a p53-independent signaling pathway, which suppresses angiogenesis (Zerrouqi et al., 2012). This evidence concerns the gene TP53 and astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma).