TGFB1 and Myocardial fibrosis: Meanwhile, it was also found that CTGF, as a downstream mediator of TGF-β1, also has a great effect on fibroblasts induced by TGF-β1 (Varghese et al., 2017) and significantly upregulated in human heart failure and the myocardial fibrosis–associated animal model (Koshman et al., 2013).